![]() Internal combustion engines, where the combustion products or reactants (air and fuel) serve as the working fluid of the engine, or.This heat is used to raise the temperature and pressure of a working fluid that is then used to perform useful work. Heat engines are energy conversion machines-they convert chemical energy in a fuel into work by combusting the fuel in air to produce heat. ![]() Basic design and performance parameters in internal combustion engines include compression ratio, swept volume, clearance volume, power output, indicated power, thermal efficiency, indicated mean effective pressure, brake mean effective pressure, specific fuel consumption, and more. The combustion process can be theoretically modeled by applying laws of mass and energy conservation to the processes in the engine cylinder. A number of other engine classifications are possible, based on engine mobility, application, fuel, configuration, and other design parameters. In each case, the engine may be equipped with either a spark-ignited (SI) or a compression-ignited (CI) combustion system. Reciprocating internal combustion engines-a subclass of heat engines-can be operated in the four- and two-stroke cycles.
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